TLS 架构
源码:common/tls/config.go、common/tls/client.go、common/tls/server.go、common/tls/std_client.go、common/tls/std_server.go、common/tls/utls_client.go、common/tls/reality_client.go、common/tls/reality_server.go、common/tls/ech.go、common/tls/ech_shared.go、common/tls/acme.go、common/tls/mkcert.go
类型系统
TLS 层使用来自 github.com/sagernet/sing/common/tls 的类型别名:
type (
Config = aTLS.Config
ConfigCompat = aTLS.ConfigCompat
ServerConfig = aTLS.ServerConfig
ServerConfigCompat = aTLS.ServerConfigCompat
WithSessionIDGenerator = aTLS.WithSessionIDGenerator
Conn = aTLS.Conn
STDConfig = tls.Config
STDConn = tls.Conn
ConnectionState = tls.ConnectionState
CurveID = tls.CurveID
)Config interface 提供了 ServerName()、SetServerName()、NextProtos()、SetNextProtos()、Client(conn) (Conn, error)、Clone() Config 和 STDConfig() (*STDConfig, error) 等方法。
客户端分发
func NewClientWithOptions(options ClientOptions) (Config, error) {
if options.Options.Reality != nil && options.Options.Reality.Enabled {
return NewRealityClient(...)
} else if options.Options.UTLS != nil && options.Options.UTLS.Enabled {
return NewUTLSClient(...)
}
return NewSTDClient(...)
}三种实现,按优先级选择:Reality > uTLS > 标准库。
带 ECH 重试的 TLS 拨号器
func (d *defaultDialer) dialContext(ctx context.Context, destination M.Socksaddr, echRetry bool) (Conn, error) {
conn, err := d.dialer.DialContext(ctx, N.NetworkTCP, destination)
tlsConn, err := aTLS.ClientHandshake(ctx, conn, d.config)
if err != nil {
conn.Close()
var echErr *tls.ECHRejectionError
if echRetry && errors.As(err, &echErr) && len(echErr.RetryConfigList) > 0 {
if echConfig, isECH := d.config.(ECHCapableConfig); isECH {
echConfig.SetECHConfigList(echErr.RetryConfigList)
return d.dialContext(ctx, destination, false) // Retry once
}
}
return nil, err
}
return tlsConn, nil
}如果 ECH 被拒绝且服务器提供了重试配置,拨号器会自动使用更新后的配置重试一次。
STDClient(Go 标准库)
全面的 TLS 配置:
func NewSTDClient(ctx context.Context, logger logger.ContextLogger,
serverAddress string, options option.OutboundTLSOptions) (Config, error) {
var tlsConfig tls.Config
tlsConfig.Time = ntp.TimeFuncFromContext(ctx) // NTP time source
tlsConfig.RootCAs = adapter.RootPoolFromContext(ctx) // Custom root CA pool
// ServerName, InsecureSkipVerify, DisableSNI handling
// Certificate pinning via SHA256 public key hash
// ALPN, MinVersion, MaxVersion, CipherSuites, CurvePreferences
// Custom CA certificate, client certificate authentication
// TLS Fragment and Record Fragment options
// ECH configuration (go1.24+)
// kTLS wrapping (Linux only)
}证书锁定
func verifyPublicKeySHA256(knownHashValues [][]byte, rawCerts [][]byte, timeFunc func() time.Time) error {
leafCertificate, _ := x509.ParseCertificate(rawCerts[0])
pubKeyBytes, _ := x509.MarshalPKIXPublicKey(leafCertificate.PublicKey)
hashValue := sha256.Sum256(pubKeyBytes)
for _, value := range knownHashValues {
if bytes.Equal(value, hashValue[:]) {
return nil
}
}
return E.New("unrecognized remote public key: ", base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(hashValue[:]))
}禁用 SNI 并保留验证
当禁用 SNI 但仍需要验证时,自定义的 VerifyConnection 回调执行手动证书验证:
if options.DisableSNI {
tlsConfig.InsecureSkipVerify = true
tlsConfig.VerifyConnection = func(state tls.ConnectionState) error {
verifyOptions := x509.VerifyOptions{
DNSName: serverName,
Intermediates: x509.NewCertPool(),
}
// Verify against the original server name
}
}UTLSClient(uTLS 指纹伪装)
构建标签:with_utls。使用 github.com/metacubex/utls。
指纹映射
func uTLSClientHelloID(name string) (utls.ClientHelloID, error) {
switch name {
case "chrome", "": return utls.HelloChrome_Auto, nil
case "firefox": return utls.HelloFirefox_Auto, nil
case "edge": return utls.HelloEdge_Auto, nil
case "safari": return utls.HelloSafari_Auto, nil
case "360": return utls.Hello360_Auto, nil
case "qq": return utls.HelloQQ_Auto, nil
case "ios": return utls.HelloIOS_Auto, nil
case "android": return utls.HelloAndroid_11_OkHttp, nil
case "random": return randomFingerprint, nil
case "randomized": return randomizedFingerprint, nil
}
}random 指纹在初始化时从 Chrome/Firefox/Edge/Safari/iOS 中随机选择一个。randomized 指纹使用带权重的随机参数,强制 TLS 1.3 并禁用 P256 密钥共享。
ALPN 操作
uTLS 在构建 handshake 状态后覆盖 ALPN:
func (c *utlsALPNWrapper) HandshakeContext(ctx context.Context) error {
if len(c.nextProtocols) > 0 {
c.BuildHandshakeState()
for _, extension := range c.Extensions {
if alpnExtension, isALPN := extension.(*utls.ALPNExtension); isALPN {
alpnExtension.AlpnProtocols = c.nextProtocols
c.BuildHandshakeState()
break
}
}
}
return c.UConn.HandshakeContext(ctx)
}当对 uTLS 调用 SetNextProtos(["h2"]) 时,会自动追加 "http/1.1" 以保持兼容性:
func (c *UTLSClientConfig) SetNextProtos(nextProto []string) {
if len(nextProto) == 1 && nextProto[0] == http2.NextProtoTLS {
nextProto = append(nextProto, "http/1.1")
}
c.config.NextProtos = nextProto
}RealityClient
构建标签:with_utls。Reality 提供无需传统证书链的服务器身份验证。
Handshake 协议
- 构建 uTLS handshake 状态
- 过滤掉 X25519MLKEM768 曲线(Reality 不支持)
- 生成 32 字节 session ID,嵌入元数据:
- 字节 0-7:当前 Unix 时间戳(大端序)
- 字节 0:
1(版本) - 字节 1:
8(头部长度) - 字节 2:
1(认证方法) - 字节 4-7:当前 Unix 时间戳(uint32)
- 字节 8-15:短 ID
- 使用服务器公钥执行 ECDH 密钥交换(X25519)
- 通过 HKDF-SHA256 派生认证密钥
- 使用 AES-GCM 和认证密钥密封 session ID
- 将密封后的 session ID 复制到 ClientHello 原始字节中
- 执行 TLS handshake
- 通过 ed25519 公钥的 HMAC-SHA512 验证服务器
publicKey, _ := ecdh.X25519().NewPublicKey(e.publicKey)
authKey, _ := ecdheKey.ECDH(publicKey)
hkdf.New(sha256.New, authKey, hello.Random[:20], []byte("REALITY")).Read(authKey)
aesBlock, _ := aes.NewCipher(authKey)
aesGcmCipher, _ := cipher.NewGCM(aesBlock)
aesGcmCipher.Seal(hello.SessionId[:0], hello.Random[20:], hello.SessionId[:16], hello.Raw)验证失败后备
如果服务器验证失败,客户端会执行伪造的 HTTP/2 浏览会话以避免检测:
func realityClientFallback(ctx context.Context, uConn net.Conn, serverName string, fingerprint utls.ClientHelloID) {
client := &http.Client{
Transport: &http2.Transport{
DialTLSContext: func(...) (net.Conn, error) { return uConn, nil },
},
}
request, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "https://"+serverName, nil)
request.Header.Set("User-Agent", fingerprint.Client)
request.AddCookie(&http.Cookie{Name: "padding", Value: strings.Repeat("0", rand.Intn(32)+30)})
response, _ := client.Do(request)
io.Copy(io.Discard, response.Body)
}RealityServer
委托给 utls.RealityServer,配置包括:
- 私钥(32 字节,base64-raw-URL 编码)
- 短 ID(每个最多 8 字节,十六进制编码)
- 时间戳验证的最大时间差
- 用于转发到真实服务器的 handshake 拨号器
tlsConfig.SessionTicketsDisabled = true
tlsConfig.ServerNames = map[string]bool{options.ServerName: true}
tlsConfig.PrivateKey = privateKey
tlsConfig.MaxTimeDiff = time.Duration(options.Reality.MaxTimeDifference)
tlsConfig.ShortIds = make(map[[8]byte]bool)
tlsConfig.DialContext = func(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
return handshakeDialer.DialContext(ctx, network, M.ParseSocksaddr(addr))
}ECH(Encrypted Client Hello)
构建约束:go1.24+。
客户端
两种模式:
- 静态配置:直接提供 PEM 编码的 ECH 配置
- 动态配置:通过 DNS HTTPS 记录获取,带 TTL 缓存
func (s *ECHClientConfig) fetchAndHandshake(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn) (aTLS.Conn, error) {
s.access.Lock()
defer s.access.Unlock()
if len(s.ECHConfigList()) == 0 || time.Since(s.lastUpdate) > s.lastTTL {
// Query DNS HTTPS record for ECH config
message := &mDNS.Msg{Question: []mDNS.Question{{
Name: mDNS.Fqdn(queryServerName), Qtype: mDNS.TypeHTTPS,
}}}
response, _ := s.dnsRouter.Exchange(ctx, message, adapter.DNSQueryOptions{})
// Extract "ech" key from HTTPS record SVCB values
// Base64 decode and set ECH config list
}
return s.Client(conn)
}服务端
ECH 密钥为 PEM 编码,使用 cryptobyte 解析:
func UnmarshalECHKeys(raw []byte) ([]tls.EncryptedClientHelloKey, error) {
rawString := cryptobyte.String(raw)
for !rawString.Empty() {
var key tls.EncryptedClientHelloKey
rawString.ReadUint16LengthPrefixed((*cryptobyte.String)(&key.PrivateKey))
rawString.ReadUint16LengthPrefixed((*cryptobyte.String)(&key.Config))
keys = append(keys, key)
}
return keys, nil
}ECH 密钥支持通过 fswatch 热重载。
STDServer
证书重载
使用 github.com/sagernet/fswatch 进行文件系统监控:
func (c *STDServerConfig) startWatcher() error {
watcher, err := fswatch.NewWatcher(fswatch.Options{
Path: watchPath, // certificate, key, client certs, ECH keys
Callback: func(path string) {
c.certificateUpdated(path)
},
})
watcher.Start()
}当文件变更时,配置通过 Clone() + sync.RWMutex 原子替换:
func (c *STDServerConfig) certificateUpdated(path string) error {
keyPair, _ := tls.X509KeyPair(c.certificate, c.key)
c.access.Lock()
config := c.config.Clone()
config.Certificates = []tls.Certificate{keyPair}
c.config = config
c.access.Unlock()
}ACME 集成
构建标签:with_acme。使用 github.com/caddyserver/certmagic。
提供商:
letsencrypt(默认):certmagic.LetsEncryptProductionCAzerossl:certmagic.ZeroSSLProductionCA- 自定义 URL:任何
https://前缀
DNS-01 挑战提供商:
alidns:阿里云 DNScloudflare:Cloudflare DNSacmedns:ACME-DNS
不安全的自签名证书
当 insecure: true 且没有证书时,按 SNI 生成临时证书:
tlsConfig.GetCertificate = func(info *tls.ClientHelloInfo) (*tls.Certificate, error) {
return GenerateKeyPair(nil, nil, timeFunc, info.ServerName)
}